Velvety Free-tailed Bat

Molossus molossus

Also known as: Pallas’s Mastiff Bat

LCLeast Concern

Velvety free-tailed bats are swift tropical fliers with dense dark fur and tails extending beyond the flight membrane. They roost in tree hollows, buildings, and narrow crevices, then emerge into open air to chase insects. Florida lies at the northern edge of their range. United States records are sparse and don't reveal population size or true abundance.

US Range

IUCN Red List status

  1. LC
  2. NT
  3. VU
  4. EN
  5. CR
  6. EW
  7. EX

LC – Least Concern

Widespread and abundant; not at risk.

Observation peakNovember185 records

Seasonality from research-grade observation dates across the US (185 records, all years). Reflects when the species is recorded, not a guarantee of presence.

Best encounter

Where and when to see a Velvety Free-tailed Bat

Your best chance: November.

When
November
Trophic relationshipsFood web What a Velvety Free-tailed Bat eats, and what eats it.
Eaten by

Few natural predators as an adult

This speciesVelvety Free-tailed Bat
beetlesinsects
Eats2

A sample of documented feeding relationships, filtered to species that also occur in the US. Diet and predators vary by region and season, and this is not a complete list, many animals eat, and are eaten by, more than what has been formally recorded here.

Life history

The Velvety Free-tailed Bat (14 g0.5 oz) is a carnivore that first breeds around 0.3 years, carries a 108-day gestation, and bears about 1 young per litter. Maximum recorded longevity is 5.6 years.

Life cycle

  1. Gestation108 days (≈3.5 months)
  2. Birthlitter of 1 young
  3. Sexual maturity0.3 yr (female)
  4. Typical lifespan5.6 years
  5. Maximum recorded longevity5.6 years

Reproduction

Gestation
108days≈3.5 months
Litter size
1youngaverage
Litters / year
2litters
Age at first breeding
0.3years

Diet composition

Carnivore

By foraging composition: 100% invertebrates.

  • Invertebrates100%

Most active at night.

Typical values for the species, not local measurements. Maximum longevity is the longest lifespan on record; most individuals live far less.

Commonly confused with

Animals people sometimes mistake for the velvety free-tailed bat, and how to tell them apart.

Shaped for fast flight

Long narrow wings and a tail projecting beyond the membrane give this bat speed in open air. Its fur feels unusually soft, explaining the common name. Rounded ears meet near the forehead. Close examination separates it from similar free-tailed bats.

Tropical roosts

The bats use tree cavities, palm crowns, rock cracks, and buildings. Warm crevices shelter groups by day. After sunset, they hunt flying insects above clearings, water, streets, and forest edges. High, rapid flight makes them difficult to watch.

Females gather in maternity groups. A mother recognizes her pup through scent and calls. The colony needs warmth and a clear flight path.

Florida at the edge

The range extends through the Caribbean, Central America, and tropical South America. South Florida records sit near its northern limit. Reports cluster around known roosts and surveys, so they aren’t a measure of abundance.

Living near people

The IUCN lists the species as Least Concern. Roost loss, pesticides, and disturbance can affect local groups. Buildings may replace natural cavities, but repairs can suddenly remove a long-used shelter.

Data & sources

The data and visualizations on this page draw on these open sources: