Contributor

Kathryn Clover

Forager & Bushcraft Tutor · 12+ years teaching

Kathryn is a forager and bushcraft tutor who has taught wild-food cookery and foraging through the Parks Trust and Hedgewitch Adventures since 2012.

She holds qualifications in herbal medicine, permaculture, and wilderness first aid.

Follows Outforia's editorial standards

58 stories published

Stories by Kathryn Clover

A male lion with a full mane stands on a rock and roars, mouth wide open, in warm light over dry grassland
Wildlife

Nature’s 11 Loudest Voices: What Is the Loudest Animal in the World?

Blue whales produce sustained calls up to 180 decibels, making them Earth's loudest animals overall, while sperm whales generate even louder momentary clicks at 230 decibels.

A hiker in faded blue jeans and brown leather boots walking a dry, rocky trail past cactus pads and scrub
Hiking

Can You Go Hiking in Jeans? Breaking Down the Myth

Jeans suit short dry hikes and thorny scrubland but fail in wet weather, cold conditions, and multi-day treks due to chafing.

Tall prairie grass dotted with purple coneflowers and yellow daisy-like wildflowers under soft overcast light
Natural World

Temperate Grasslands: Understanding the Biome

Temperate grasslands cover 25% of Earth's land and are shaped by rainfall, wildfires, and grazing animals.

A rock face where thin tan layers meet a large pale, fractured block streaked with dark bands
Natural World

How Are Rocks Formed? The Cycle of Nature’s Building Blocks

Rocks form via three processes: cooling magma, compacting sediment, and extreme heat or pressure; each cycle continuously transforms rocks.

Water droplets bead on dark wool pants as a gloved hiker crouches on snowy rock beside a wet backpack and trekking pole
How-To

Which Material Provides Warmth Even When Wet? Master the Art of Layering

Wool, merino wool, and synthetic insulation like Primaloft stay warm when wet, while fleece and neoprene offer reliable cold-weather alternatives for outdoor adventures.

Close-up of a campfire with orange flames rising above stacked wood and a blue flame glowing at the base
Natural World

How Hot is Fire? A Scorching Look Into Flame Temperatures

Fire temperatures range 600-3,000 degrees Celsius; flame color indicates heat level from red to blue fires.

Shallow marsh pond edged with tall green reeds and flattened grass on muddy ground under soft light
Natural World

What is a Marsh? Wading Through Wetlands

Marshes are permanent wetlands dominated by grasses and reeds in shallow water, found near deltas and low-lying areas worldwide.

A hiker in a green bucket hat holds a young leafy twig and touches the rough bark of a tree trunk in the woods
Plant Life

What Kind of Tree Is This? A Simple Guide to Tree Identification

Identify trees by examining bark texture, leaf shape, crown form, and whether they are evergreen or deciduous.

Dark chunks of dense, fruit-studded pemmican sit on a canvas cloth beside a green backpack on the ground
How-To

What is Pemmican? The Meatrimony of Jerky and Granola Bars

Pemmican is a high-energy trail food made from dried meat, fat, and berries; keeps years without refrigeration.

A tall stack of flat stones beside a rocky mountain trail with evergreen trees and peaks in the background
How-To

Navigating Nature’s Markers: What Do Stacked Rocks Mean?

Cairns are stacked rock markers used for trail navigation, burial sites, and spiritual purposes, with millennia-old origins across cultures.

A humpback whale and her calf glide close together through deep blue water, the calf tucked just below her
Wildlife

Nurturing Under the Sea: How Do Whales Drink Milk Underwater?

Whale calves drink fat-rich milk underwater using specialized adaptations; they roll their tongue around mother's inverted nipple.

A male mallard dips its bill to the muddy edge of a pond, foraging among fallen leaves and reeds
Wildlife

Why You Shouldn’t Feed Ducks Bread + 6 Suitable Alternatives

Bread harms ducks through poor nutrition, overcrowding, rats, and disease. Feed sweetcorn, lettuce, oats, rice, seeds, and peas instead.

A deer grazing in a grassy clearing near a pile of droppings and a white pipe sampling frame
Natural World

How Do Animals Get Nitrogen? From Air to Organism

Animals get nitrogen by eating plants or other animals that contain converted nitrogen in proteins and amino acids; the nitrogen cycle enables this.

A large brown orb-weaver spider sits in its sunlit web while a much smaller spider hangs near the left edge
Wildlife

How Do Spiders Mate? From Courtship to Cannibalism

Male spiders use risky courting tactics to avoid female cannibalism, including dancing, gift-wrapping, tying up, and drumming rhythms.

A blank wooden sign on a post beside swirling ripples in wet sand on a muddy bank near a slow river
How-To

Quicksand Debunked: Where Is Quicksand Found in Reality?

Quicksand forms near moving water and river mouths worldwide. Discover hotspots, avoidance tips, and the surprising physics behind this non-Newtonian fluid.

A mature lavender bush covered in purple flower spikes grows among rocks and other Mediterranean herbs
Plant Life

Is Lavender a Perennial? Unearthing Facts About The Fragrant Herb

Lavender is a perennial herb that survives temperate winters by going dormant, with English lavender lasting up to 15 years.

A pale green luna moth with long tails and eyespots resting on a leaf in shaded woodland, dark forest behind
Wildlife

40 Types of Moths: Day-Flyers, Night-Crawlers, and Everything in Between

Discover 40 moth species from 160,000 total types worldwide, including luna moths, death's-head hawkmoths, and gypsy moths.

A gray squirrel peeks out of a hollow in a tree trunk in an autumn forest with fallen yellow leaves
Wildlife

Exploring the Treetops: A Guide to 40 Animals That Live In Trees

40 arboreal animals from gibbons traveling 35 mph to orangutans weighing 183 pounds live in trees with specialized adaptations like opposable thumbs and prehensile tails.

A funnel-shaped tornado descends from a dark storm cloud over a green farm field with fence posts in the foreground
Natural World

What Causes Tornadoes? The Science Behind the Storm

Discover how warm and cold air collide to create spinning tornadoes, why Tornado Alley sees the most activity, and the Enhanced Fujita scale.

A neat stack of split firewood sits beside a small campfire burning on stones in leaf-covered autumn woods
Camping

What’s the Best Wood For a Campfire? Finding the Perfect Tinder Timber

Ash, oak, and hickory are superior hardwoods for campfires and cooking, burning hot and long, while pine and cedar ignite quickly but create sparks and tar.

Prickly pear cactus pads with ripe red fruit in a desert landscape, with a saguaro and hills behind
Plant Life

Mother Nature’s Kitchen: A List of 20 Edible Plants with Pictures

Discover 20 edible wild plants globally, from prickly pear cacti to guarana, with safe identification tips and traditional preparation methods.

Barefoot person in board shorts standing by a pop-up privacy tent and a hanging solar shower bag at a lakeside campsite
Camping

Cleanliness On The Go: How To Shower While Camping

Five methods for staying clean while camping; from wild swimming to sponge baths, privacy tents, and car showers that keep you fresh.

A massive old tree with a thick furrowed trunk and drooping branches covered in golden autumn leaves
Plant Life

Ancient Trees: Unveiling the Mysteries of The Living Relics of Our Natural History

Ancient trees are exceptionally old specimens marked by large trunks, fissured bark, and bare branches; dating uses growth rings and carbon testing.

A raven perched on a spruce branch with its beak open, calling in soft evening light
Wildlife

Can Ravens Talk? Exploring the Vocal Abilities of One of Nature’s Smartest Birds

Ravens can learn 100 words using a specialized syrinx organ, matching the cognitive ability of 7-year-old children with problem-solving skills rivaling great apes.

Old conifer forest with mossy trunks and a light dusting of snow on fallen logs and the forest floor
Wildlife

Exploring the Unique Ecosystem of Coniferous Forests

Coniferous forests contain evergreen needle-bearing trees like spruce, pine, and fir thriving in acidic, nutrient-poor soils with low light and cold climates.

Young bamboo shoots with layered brown sheaths pushing up through leaf litter beside mature green stalks
Plant Life

Plant Speed Records: How Fast Does Bamboo Grow?

Bamboo grows up to 1 meter daily; 1,200 species span subtropical, tropical, temperate, and cold climates.

Three gray wolves stand on a snowy ridge and howl upward in a moonlit spruce forest, a full moon in the sky
Wildlife

Why Do Wolves Howl at the Moon? Debunking the Myth & Exploration into Wolf Behavior

Wolves don't howl at the moon. They howl to coordinate hunts, bond with packs, establish territory, and find mates heard 7 miles away.

Coil of olive green paracord on the forest floor beside a metal cup, knife, fire steel and tent stakes
How-To

Multiple Strands, Multiple Uses: What is Paracord?

Paracord is military-grade nylon rope with inner strands and woven sheath; durable for camping, crafting bracelets, and outdoor survival.

A red fox with its mouth open, calling, stands in deep snow at the edge of a dark evergreen forest
Wildlife

Why Do Foxes Scream? The Fascinating Language of Foxes

Foxes scream during mating season to find mates, but also use 28 distinct vocalizations for communication, pack bonding, and territorial defense.

Hands shave dry wood and birch bark curls from a split log with a knife to make tinder in a damp forest
How-To

No Dry Wood? No Problem: How to Start a Fire with Wet Wood

Build fires on platforms with four times more tinder, natural firelighters like birch bark, or chemical aids like paraffin wax.

A palm tree with feathery arching fronds and clusters of orange fruit stands among dense green vegetation
Plant Life

The Queen Palm: A Decorative Tree with Edible Treats

Queen Palms reach 50 feet with feathery leaves and bright orange fruits. Native to South America, they are cold-hardy, low-maintenance landscape trees producing edible berries.

Narwhal surfacing in open Arctic water beside sea ice, its long spiral tusk extending forward over the surface
Wildlife

Navigating Nature’s N: A Look at Some of the Most Fascinating Animals That Start With N

15 animals starting with N range from narwhals with 10-foot tusks to Nile crocodiles reaching 20 feet long and mysterious rare species.

A lamprey seen head on underwater, its round toothed sucker mouth and row of gill pores over a rocky bottom
Wildlife

Top 12 Ugly Fish: The Hidden World of Nature’s Ugliest Fish

Explore 12 of the world's ugliest deep-sea fish, from blobfish to goblin sharks, and learn why their unique adaptations thrive in extreme ocean environments.

A clump of areca palms with arching feathery fronds and yellow flower clusters in shaded tropical forest
Plant Life

Meet the Areca Palm: Unique Beauty and Benefits

Areca palms from Madagascar are air-purifying houseplants with butterfly-shaped leaves that absorb toxic gasses like formaldehyde and xylene.

Polished oval opal flashing orange, green and blue color, resting on a dark rough rock
Natural World

25 Enchanting Types of Opals From Around The World: Uncovering Their Dazzling Wonders

25 enchanting opal types from Australia, Mexico, and Ethiopia with unique colors, play of color, and formation histories.

A camp table holds a steaming pot on a stove, canned beans, nuts, oats, pasta and crackers, with a green tent behind
Camping

Camping Food List: 25 Essentials for a Delicious Outdoor Experience

25 essential camping foods with long shelf life: oat cakes, canned fish, pasta, cheese, nuts, honey, chocolate, and freeze-dried fruits.

A small palm with dark green feathery fronds growing on a bare shoreline above a wide stretch of water
Plant Life

Pygmy Date Palms: Exploring their Beauty, Uses & Benefits

Pygmy Date Palms are compact palms perfect for indoor growing and landscaping. Native to Southeast Asia, they produce edible fruit and valuable palm fiber.

A dandelion and small purple-flowered weeds grow from a crack in a gray concrete sidewalk
Plant Life

Weeds Revealed: What Are Weeds, and How Do They Benefit Ecosystems?

Discover what defines weeds and explore 10 invasive species with remarkable survival powers, from Japanese Knotweed to Stinging Nettles.

A brass lighter and a ferro rod on a weathered log beside a glowing oil lantern near a stream
How-To

25 Types of Lighters: From BIC and Zippo to IMCO and Catalytic

Twenty-five lighter types compared: spark wheel, plasma, Zippo, torch, lift-arm, catalytic, IMCO, and more, with a how-to-choose guide.

Hanging clusters of turquoise claw-shaped flowers dangling from a vine against dark green forest foliage
Plant Life

25 Rare Flowers You’ve Never Seen Before – Exploring their Hidden Beauty

Discover 25 of Earth's rarest flowers, from the glowing Jade Vine to the pungent Corpse Flower, with why they're endangered and where they bloom.

Cluster of small brown mushrooms growing from a moss-covered log, with fallen leaves on the dark forest floor
Plant Life

Where Do Mushrooms Grow? Explore the Secret World of Fungi and How to Find Them

Discover where mushrooms grow worldwide, from lush Polish forests to Japanese national parks, plus how to cultivate them in your own garden.

Traditional felt-covered yurt with a wooden door standing alone on a grassy steppe under a cloudy sky
How-To

What Is A Yurt? Discovering the Magic of Nomadic Living

Yurts are circular dwellings with wooden lattice walls and felt insulation, originating in Central Asia. Pacific Yurts modernize the traditional design for Western markets.

A gray-backed gull with a yellow bill standing on a pebbly shore scattered with dark seaweed
Wildlife

30 Types of Seagulls: Exploring the Amazing Variety of These Seafaring Birds

Explore 30 seagull species from coastal herring gulls to the rarest Galapagos lava gulls, including their behavior, diet, and migration patterns.

A cluster of pale yellow-green mushrooms with white stems and cup-like bases among dead leaves and moss
Plant Life

Foraging Dangers: 22 Types of Poisonous Mushrooms To Avoid

Learn to identify 22 deadly mushroom species worldwide, including Death Cap and Destroying Angel, and understand why foraging requires expert guidance to stay safe.

A cluster of tan mushrooms with scaly caps grows among fallen autumn leaves beside a mossy log
Plant Life

A Forager’s Paradise: Exploring the Tasty and Diverse World of 40 Edible Mushrooms

Explore 40 edible mushrooms from the Cep to the Nameko, learning proper identification methods, habitat clues, and safe foraging techniques.

Weathered pine cones scattered on a needle-covered forest floor at the base of a large pine trunk
Plant Life

Exploring the 20 Weirdest and Most Amazing Types of Pine Cones

20 unique pine cone types from 120+ pine species worldwide, with fascinating adaptations for seed dispersal.

Slow-moving lava with crusted black surfaces glows orange through cracks as it spreads across a dark volcanic field
Natural World

Exploring All the Different Types of Lava: A Fiery Voyage

Lava is classified by silica content into 4 main types, each with distinct properties, temperatures ranging from 700-1200°C, and unique surface formations.

A male mallard lifts off from a pond with wings raised and water spraying behind its orange feet
Wildlife

Can Ducks Fly? How Do They Do It? Unlocking the Secrets of Duck Flight

Ducks fly 50 mph with 10 wing-beats per second. Wild dabblers take off vertically. Divers need running start. Domestic breeds vary in flight ability.

how to tell if propane tank is empty - 0323
How-To

No Propane, No Gain: How to Tell if a Propane Tank Is Empty

Check propane levels by comparing tank weight, listening for liquid sloshing, feeling temperature changes with hot water, or smelling rotten cabbage.

Open foil pouches of dried food, a small stove and a camp mug laid out on a weathered picnic table by a lake
How-To

Freeze-Dried vs Dehydrated Food: Unveiling the Ultimate Choice

Understand freeze-dried versus dehydrated food; freeze-dried lasts longer but costs more than home dehydration.

A sea turtle hatchling crawling across coarse beach sand toward the surf, with beach grass behind it
Wildlife

Animals That Lay Eggs: The World’s Most Eggs-ellent Creatures!

Over 15 egg-laying species span birds, reptiles, fish, mammals, and invertebrates; sea turtles lay 100 eggs, bees 2,000 daily, ocean sunfish hundreds of millions.

Sheer sunlit rock cliff dropping into calm dark water, with a glacier-capped mountain in the distance
Natural World

Demystifying Fjords: What is a Fjord and Where to Find Them

Fjords are narrow, deep, glacier-carved inlets found in Norway, Greenland, Alaska, and New Zealand, with steep walls and cold water ecosystems.

Branching bolts of white-blue lightning forking through the center of dense, dark gray storm clouds
Natural World

What Color is Lightning? All About Nature’s Colorful Electrical Display and the Factors That Shape It

Lightning ranges from white to red, blue, green, and rare purple hues depending on atmospheric moisture, altitude, and particle composition.

A firefly glowing yellow-green on a blade of grass among black-eyed Susans and clover at dusk
Wildlife

What Do Fireflies Eat? Unveiling the Sparkling Truth

Firefly larvae are carnivorous, hunting snails and slugs, while many adults eat only nectar, pollen, or nothing at all during their brief lives.

Logs burning in a metal fire ring at a snowy campsite, with split firewood stacked at left and bare forest behind
Camping

Staying Warm in Winter: How to Keep a Fire Going As Long As You Want!

Keep a campfire burning longer with hardwood logs, seasoned wood, and advanced fire-building techniques like self-feeding fires and Swedish torch fire methods.

A forager in brown trousers and a green jacket reaches into a bramble beside a wicker basket of dark berries and leaves
How-To

Discover the Art of Foraging: What Is Foraging and How Can It Benefit You?

Search wild areas for edible plants, fungi, and shellfish; a survival skill linking you to nature and local ecosystems.

Stone canal lock with wooden gates and a grassy towpath, beside green fields and hedgerows under a cloudy sky
Natural World

What Is a Canal: Unlocking the Secrets of Ancient Engineering and Modern Marvels

Canals are human-made water channels built for transportation, irrigation, and trade, with examples ranging from ancient Rome to modern shipping routes.

A cut aloe vera leaf with a clear drop of gel on a stone ledge, an aloe plant and dry garden behind it
How-To

Does Aloe Vera Gel Expire? Discover the Truth About Its Shelf Life

Aloe vera gel expires within 24 hours at room temperature but lasts weeks refrigerated or years if shop-bought with preservatives.